INDEX

AAAI (Association for the Advancement of AI), 5, 147, 206
AI (artificial intelligence), definition and terminology, 5, 59–60, 85; future trends, 127–128, 138, 177, 188, 208–209; historical, 148, 211; limitations, 2, 50, 71, 168, 188
AI and facial recognition, 45, 48–49, 71, 127–129, 131–132, 134, 137
AI and society, 112, 119, 123, 204, 210
AI Bill of Rights, 8, 61, 127
AI governance, 49–50, 57–59, 69, 72–75, 84, 139; challenges and future directions, 60, 63, 67, 88–89; ethical guidelines and principles, 88, 92, 178; global governance frameworks, 63–64, 70–71, 79; norms and patterns in governance, 58, 62, 68, 72, 74, 76–78, 82–84, 88–89, 92, 105–106, 113; social imperatives, 102–104, 114–115, 119–120, 122
AI in climate and sustainability, 31, 67, 138, 183–184, 188, 212, 216–217
AI in computer science, 21–22, 30, 135, 148, 178, 196, 201–202, 214–216; in computer science engineering, 203–206
AI in education, 49, 68, 103, 113, 168, 179, 184, 186, 200
AI in engineering, 170, 184
AI in healthcare, 180, 182, 183
AI in public policy, 3, 72, 76, 81, 84, 92, 109–110, 115
AI in science, 179–181, 183, 195–196, 222; astronomy, 29–30; chemistry, 199–201; geology, 211–212; physical sciences, 183, 185; physics, 31, 212–213, 216–218
AlphaFold, 1, 24, 179, 196, 203
Amazon, 133, 178
Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands, 2–4, 147, 221, 230, 242–243
Apple, 133, 176, 232
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA: in 1975, 3, 36, 42–43, 243–244; in 2009, 206–207; in 2017, 233–34, 243

Belmont Report, 3, 44, 107, 216, 240–242
Biotechnology, 36, 41, 43
Bletchley Declaration, 64, 78–80, 234
Brazil’s Draft Artificial Intelligence Act, 61, 70–73, 77, 79, 81–83, 86

Canada’s Draft Artificial Intelligence and Data Act, 60, 70–72, 77, 82
ChatGPT. See OpenAI
China’s Interim Generative AI Measures, 60–61, 70, 75
CoE (Council on Europe), 57, 64, 78
CRISPR-Cas9, 3, 15–17. See also Human genome editing

DALL-E/DALL-E2, 152, 184, 187
DNN (deep neural networks), 22–25, 27–29, 153–157, 167, 181

Equity in AI, 116–118, 123, 128, 133–134, 138–139, 224, 239, 241; biases, 48–49, 112, 117–118, 130–131, 134; digital divide, 187; equity and inclusion frameworks, 129, 134–136; funding, 132–133, 138–139, 178; policy recommendations, 35–36, 40, 64, 87
Ethics, 105–109, 110–111, 115; in AI, 108, 117, 121, 136, 224, 239, 241; ethical frameworks and principles, 64, 79, 101; ethical Guidelines, 101–102, 105, 122; malevolent uses of AI, 184, 186–187, 210, 212; trustworthy practices, 99
EU AI Act, 57, 59, 61, 63, 66–68, 70–74, 77, 80–84, 86, 91, 234–235

Facebook, 131–133
FBI, 38, 40, 131
Frameworks, AI, 65, 105–107, 119, 123, 174, 232

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), 63, 68, 75, 85, 91
Generative AI, 1, 19, 21, 23, 112, 158, 197, 222
Google, 129–131, 133–134, 176, 178, 197; DeepMind, 233; Gemini (formerly Bard), 162, 170, 175–176, 178
G7 and G20, 57, 64, 66, 70, 78, 83, 87

Human genome editing, 4–5, 15–19, 196, 244
Human responsibility in AI, 100, 130–131, 138–139, 206, 222–226, 232–233, 236–237

Informed consent, 4, 44, 109, 129–130, 240
IRB (Institutional Review Board), 3–4, 44, 108–110, 241

Justice in AI, 8, 64–65, 78, 101–109, 112–118, 120–123, 127, 139, 222, 231–232, 241–242

LLM (large language models), 23, 25, 29–30, 130, 168, 171–172, 175, 183; training, 198–199

Machine learning, 22; diffusion modeling, 23, 25, 29, 152, 180; discriminative and generative models, 151–152; foundations and advancements, 150–153; open-source modeling, 177, 179; transformers, 25, 27–28, 30, 152, 158–62, 164–165, 167–168, 179
Microsoft, 5, 130, 133, 174, 176, 178, 183, 240, 242
Monitoring and oversight, 12, 36, 68, 71, 86, 110, 119, 128, 130, 208, 224–226, 229–230, 235

NAS (National Academy of Sciences), 2–4, 147, 195–199, 209, 221, 226, 230–231, 236, 238–239, 243–245
NIH (National Institutes of Health), 3, 42–44, 110, 232, 238–239
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 48, 61, 66, 69, 83–84
NSF (National Science Foundation), 31, 110, 132, 179, 231

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 59–61, 64, 66, 70, 81, 85, 87
OpenAI, 1, 24–25, 27, 159, 162, 173, 178, 197, 233; GPT-4, 23, 163–171, 175–176, 182, 184–186, 207; GPT-4V, 170–171

Policymakers, 2, 8, 35, 39–43, 66, 111–113, 120–121, 127, 133–134, 222–225, 242

Rome Call for Ethics, 239–240

Scientific community, 2–5, 30, 49, 204; integrity, 1, 4, 12, 19, 36, 42, 50, 221; scientific norms, 4, 13, 19, 36–38, 57, 221, 230–231, 243
Singapore’s Model AI Governance Framework, 78, 80, 83, 85

Transparency in AI, 2, 9, 64, 68, 73, 79, 127, 138, 222–225, 232–237
Turing Test, 21, 28, 148

US Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI, 57, 61, 68, 72, 77–82, 85–86, 90–91, 139

Verification of AI-generated content, 12, 168, 203, 223–224, 234–235

Notes

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