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INDEX
- Abelard: as abbot of St. Gildas, 34, 150, 225n182; 249n135; and Blamires’s medieval “case” for women, 6–7, 42–43; burial at the Paraclete, 150, 173–75; as “exceptional,” 33–38; as founder of the Paraclete, 34, 179; and Guibert of Gembloux, 36–37; and Heloise, 136, 149–52, 163, 179–80; influence at Marbach, 105–6, 169–70; and Jerome, 97, 101–2, 109–10; on Jesus’s relations with women, 43–44, 60–61, 73; and John the Evangelist, 45–46, 50; and Malchus, 102; and Mary Magdalene, 68, 70; on men’s service to women, 25, 57, 127–28, 154, 169–70; as a nun’s priest, 3; religious women as dominae, 104–5; and Robert of Arbrissel, 35–36; Sermon 30, 104–6, 169–73; and women’s constancy at the cross and tomb, 66, 71, 72; and women’s prayerfulness, 149–52, 155–56, 167, 170–73. See also Guta-Sintram Codex; Heloise; Paraclete
- Abigail: intercession of, 152
- Abundus, 205n22
- Adela of Blois: and Hildebert of Lavardin, 104, 241n16; and Hugh of Fleury, 42–43, 72, 97
- Adelheid of Vilich, 243n44
- Adelheid, empress, 97
- Admont: double monastery, 27; and Gerhoch of Reichersberg, 90; prayers of nuns, 271n118. See also Irimbert of Admont
- Adrevald of Fleury, 126
- Aelfric of Eynsham, 156–57
- Aelred of Rievaulx: biblical models for women, 71, 73; choice of priest for women, 203n14; on gifts, 28; and Godric of Finchale, 113; praise for his sister, 131–32; on sexual temptation, 12–13; writing for his sister, 71, 73, 113
- Æthelburh of Kent, 151
- Agnes of Poitou, 71–72
- Agnes, prioress of Nun Appleton, 48
- Alb. See Edith of Wilton
- Alberic of Monte Cassino, 126, 166
- Alcuin of York: friendships with women, 84–89; and Jerome, 109, 110; and women’s prayers 161–63. See also Gisela; Rotrude
- Aldhelm of Malmesbury, 83, 126; and Malchus, 240n8; writing for women, 83, 161
- Alexander III, Pope, 130
- Algasia, 82
- Ambrose, saint: interpretation of John 19:27, 46; and sister, Marcellina, 118
- Amfrida: noble matron at Bec, 134
- Aminadab, Chariot of, 23
- Amnon: and Thamar, 138–40
- Amtenhausen, 21
- Andernach, 21, 133, 233n94, 257n78
- Anselm of Lucca, 47
- Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury: and clerical celibacy, 81; correspondence with women, 241n18; letter to Robert, 21, 24; on John the Evangelist, 50; on Mary and intercession, 158; and Mary Magdalene, 73, 81; and Matilda of Tuscany, 71; and Reginald of Canterbury, 80–81; and sister Richeza, 133; on wives and intercession, 156; women at Bec, 134. See also Bec
- Antependium: from Göß, 184, 187, 186 fig. 25; from Rupertsberg, 187–89, 188 fig. 27; Wichmannsburger Antependium (from Medingen), 189–91, 190 fig. 28
- Antony, saint, 121
- Apostles: depicted on Edith’s alb, 183; faithlessness at the cross, 66–67, 70; heretics and the apostolic model, 75–76; involvement with women, 21, 24, 38, 40, 43, 46, 56–60, 100; and religious reform, 9, 23, 25, 36, 39; See also Apostola apostolorum; Sister woman; Vita apostolica
- Apostola apostolorum. See Mary Magdalene
- Aremburgis (mother of Hugh of Cluny), 133, 138
- Arnold von Wied, archbishop of Cologne, 53–56; burial, 176; and Hadwig, 54 fig. 3, 114, 128; Schwarzrheindorf, 53–56; siblings, 113
- Arnold, archbishop of Mainz: charter for Rupertsberg, 181
- Arnstein, 137–38
- Asella: and Jerome’s departure from Rome, 91–92, 101–2, 103, 246n94, 249n136; Jerome’s Life of Hilarion, 82; Jerome’s praise of, 82; and prayer, 153
- Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 121
- Attila, 159
- Augustine: correspondence with Jerome, 97; and female monastic life, 118, 203n10; and Jesus’s care for women, 43; Rule of, 173; and St. Stephen, 57; sister of, 118, 140; and “sister women” of apostles, 58–59; and women’s prayer, 164. See also Monica
- Aybert of Crépin, 19
- Azecho, bishop of Worms, 37, 47, 97
- Balthild of Chelles, 159
- Barking, 66, 83, 126–27, 176
- Basil of Caesarea, 11, 120
- Basilia (wife of Hugh of Gournay): noble matron at Bec, 134
- Baudonivia (nun of Sainte-Croix at Poitiers), 159
- Baudri of Bourgueil, 106, 211n71, 225n192
- Beati pauperes, 106, 107 fig. 17, 169, 174, 199–200. See also Guta-Sintram Codex
- Bec: women at, 22, 81, 134
- Bede, 96, 126
- Beleth, Johannes, 94
- Benedict of Nursia: image of instructing women and men, 31; and sexual temptation, 19; and sister Scholastica, 5, 112, 122–28, 124 fig. 18, 166–67. See also Benedictine Rule; Scholastica
- Benedictine Rule, 13–14, 126
- Benno of Trier (chaplain to Edith of Wilton and Wulfthryth), 102
- Berman, Constance, 174
- Bernard of Clairvaux: and Abelard, 34, 223n174; and apostolae apostolorum, 236n141; contact with women, 37–38, 75, 206n29; Life of St. Malachy, 259n106; sermons on the Song of Songs, 71, 163; sister Humbeline, 133, 134, 135. See also Humbeline
- Bernard of Tiron: vita and Jerome, 242n32; women at Tiron, 214n88
- Bernold of Constance, 201n1 (chap. 1)
- Bernried, 22
- Bernward Gospels, 61, 62 fig. 5
- Bertha of Kent, queen, 151
- Bertharius, abbot of Monte Cassino, 126, 166
- Betto, canon from Hildesheim, 21
- Blamires, Alcuin: on Abelard, 6, 35, 42–43; “case” for women, 6–7; Gregory the Great, 60; influence of, 197
- Blanche of Milan, 104
- Blesilla: asceticism and death, 91, 99 fig. 16, 101; Jerome’s praise of, 82, 97; and prayer, 153; request for Jerome’s writing, 82, 88, 97
- Bond, Gerald, 32–33
- Boniface, 46
- Boniface V, Pope, 151
- Book of Cerne, 157
- Bride of Christ: and Abelard, 104–5, 136, 150, 154, 155–56, 163, 167, 169–74, 176; and Alcuin, 161–62; Beati pauperes, 106; and Christina of Markyate, 148; and Eustochium, 103–4, 154–55; and Heloise, 180; and Hildegard, 181–82; and Jerome, 103–4, 154–55; Mary Magdalene as, 70–71, 73; monks as brides of Christ, 71, 161–62, 163; nuns as brides of Christ, 4, 17, 36, 44–45, 50–51, 106–8, 129; and prayer, 6, 105, 130, 142, 154–58, 162; priests and spiritual service to, 5, 6, 34–35, 51, 76, 105, 154, 158, 167, 178, 198; Robert of Arbrissel, 73; and Song of Songs, 70, 161; suspicion of, 153–54, 178–79; widows as, 155. See also Domina; Paranymphus; Tertullian
- Brigittine Order, 31
- Brooke, Christopher, 2
- Burchard of Worms, 133
- Burchwine, sister of Godric of Finchale, 113, 210n61
- Burial: of Abelard, 150, 173, 175; of men in women’s houses, 22, 56, 150, 174–75, 176; of Robert of Arbrissel, 168; of Roger at Saint Albans, 176; of siblings, 118, 122, 257n71; women in men’s tombs, 121
- Bury St. Edmunds, 21, 22
- Bynum, Caroline Walker, 6
- Caesaria, abbess of St Jean, Arles, 122; and brother Caesarius, 122, 126; burial, 122
- Caesarius of Arles: burial, 122, 124; and church as widow, 155; rule for women, 122, 159; and St. Jean, 159, 163–64, 171, 203n10; and sister Caesaria, 112, 122, 126; and women’s prayer, 159, 162, 171
- Caesarius of Heisterbach, 210n62
- Cain, Andrew, 82–83
- Canossa, 47
- Canterbury Tales, 1
- Cantimpré: women at, 22, 37
- Cappenberg, 52
- Carruthers, Mary, 126
- Castration: Abelard, 101; Eliah, 204n16; Equitius, 204n16; Origen’s auto-castration, 12. See also Eunuch
- Celibacy, of clergy: Anselm of Canterbury, 81; impact on nuns, 13, 30–31, 177; Jerome, 153; and male spirituality, 7, 18; masculinity, 18, 205n25; and reform, 2, 7, 13
- Celsus, 61
- Chaste marriage, 79, 102, 116–17, 137
- Chaucer, 1, 2, 3, 6
- Chelles: Gisela as abbess, 87; Jerome’s letters at, 89, 108; scriptorium, 87. See also Balthild of Chelles; Gisela
- Christina of Markyate: family of, 132–33, 135; friendship with Geoffrey de Gorron, 47, 142–49, 168–69; gifts for Geoffrey de Gorron, 219n135; gifts for Pope Adrian IV, 183; as intercessor, 142–49, 168–69, 174, 176; likened to Paula (and Jerome), 103; and ownership of St. Albans Psalter, 143; sexual temptation, 204n21; slandered, 20, 59; support from brother Gregory, 5. See also Geoffrey de Gorron; St. Albans Psalter
- Chunegunde II, abbess of Göß, 184–87, 187 fig. 26
- Clement of Alexandria, 58, 116
- Clerics, sexual threat to women: 12, 26, 91, 139–40
- Clothilda, 151
- Clovis, 151
- Cluny: brothers of Cluny living at Marcigny, 16; “Cogitis me” known at, 90; kinship ties at, 137–38; support for Marcigny, 68; women at, 22. See also Hugh of Cluny
- Coakley, John, 33, 197
- Codex Benedictus, 123, 124 fig. 18, 166
- Conrad III, emperor, 53
- Constance (possibly nun at Le Ronceray), 106–8
- Coomans, Thomas, 174
- Corbie: Isidore of Seville, 122; Jerome known at, 83, 96–97, 99 fig. 16. See also Paschasius Radbertus
- Council of Ancyra, 117
- Council of Mainz, 262n144
- Council of Nicaea, 117, 128, 139, 220n144
- Council of Seville, II, 12
- Crucifixion: absence of male disciples, 60–61; commendation to John at, 4, 40, 45, 48; as model for men’s care for women, 50, 54–55, 55 fig. 4; women present at, 40, 41, 60–61, 62 fig. 5, 66–67
- Cura monialium, 17–18, 32
- Damasus I, Pope: and family ties, 118, 124,
- Deborah, 100
- Diemut of Wessobrunn, 22, 96; friendship with Herluca, 214n94
- Disibodenberg: priests for Rupertsberg, 130, 180–81; women at, 22, 31–32, 215n95
- Domesday Book, 22
- Domina: in Beati pauperes, 169–70; and bride of Christ motif, 103–8; and Jerome, 104; religious women as, 5, 19, 28, 35; spiritual appeal to priests, 104–6, 154, 169–70, 198; and women’s intercession, 6, 170
- Donatus of Besançon, 161, 162, 164
- Double monastery: and Abelard, 35; Admont as, 27; biblical models for female presence in, 22–24; Cappenberg as, 52; on term “double” monastery as problematic, 213n81; and early household monasticism, 120; as a feature of reform monasticism, 21–24; Fontevraud as, 16, 49; Marbach as, 105; necrologies as sources for, 221n155; perceived as temporary and experimental, 31–32; Schönau as, 128, 130; Sempringham as, 21; associated with Springiersbach, 212n80
- Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, 47, 51, 102
- Easter liturgy. See Quem quaeritis; Visitatio sepulchri
- Eberwin of Steinfeld, 75–76.
- Ecclesia: as bride of Christ, 181; ecclesia primitiva, 39–40; as a widow, 155
- Eckenbert of Worms, 137. See also Frankenthal
- Edith of Wilton: Benno of Trier as chaplain, 102; and Dunstan, 47, 51, 102; embroidered alb (Edith as Mary Magdalene), 75, 183–84, 192, 193; mother Wulfthryth, 102; at Wilton, 28
- Einhard, 87
- Ekbert of Schönau, 128: death of Elisabeth of Schönau, 135; De obitu domine Elisabeth, 111; at Saint Cassius (Bonn), 56, 128; spiritual dependence on Elisabeth, 111, 130–31
- Ekbert, bishop of Münster, 56, 128
- Ekkehard of Halberstadt, 21
- Elijah, 151
- Elisabeth of Schönau: and Arnold von Wied, 55–56; and brother Ekbert, 5–6, 56, 111, 128, 130–31; death of, 135, 257n78; family ties in the Liber revelationum, 117, 128–29, 135, 140; visions concerning St. Ursula, 114–15, 138. See also Ekbert of Schönau; Ursula, saint
- Elisha, 151
- Elkanah, 165 fig. 22, 166
- Elkins, Sharon, 16, 135
- Elliott, Dyan: bride of Christ, 153–54, 155, 178–79; “heteroasceticism,” 30; Jerome, 103; women and reform rhetoric, 13
- Elm, Kaspar, 31
- Enclosure, 30; at Admont, 218n127; and bride of Christ, 266n47; at Disibodenberg, 219n137; and male staff, 206n33
- Engelberg, 31
- Engelmodus of Soissons, 89
- Engilmar, bishop of Parenzo: benedictional of, 61, 64 fig. 7
- Enoc, 20
- Epiphanius of Salamis, 46
- Epithalamica: at the Paraclete, 70
- Equitius, 12, 38
- Ermengard of Tours, 156
- Erpo: and women at Rolduc, 24
- Essen: Alcuin’s commentary on John at, 88–89; Hadwig as abbess, 53, 56
- Esther, 100, 159; as model for queens, 156–57
- Ethelburga, abbess of Barking: and prayer for the dead, 176
- Ethelburga, abbess of Fladbury, 161, 162
- Eudocia, empress, 57
- Eunuch: and Abelard, 46; and John the Evangelist, 228n30; and spiritual involvement with women, 12. See also Castration
- Eustochium: in Beati pauperes, 199–200; “Cogitis me” addressed to, 89–90; depictions of, 84, 85 fig. 11, 86 fig. 12, 92–93, 93 fig. 13, 97, 99 fig. 16; and Jerome, 36, 37, 38, 77, 82, 87, 92, 96; as Jerome’s domina, 103–5, 170; Jerome’s Epist. 22, 82, 89, 90, 91, 103–5, 154; Jerome’s writing for, 82, 88, 89, 97, 100, 139; learning of, 87; letter to Marcella, 155; medieval references to, 36, 37, 38, 77, 83, 84, 97, 101–3, 109, 127, 196. See also Paula
- Eva (wife of William Crispin): noble matron at Bec, 134
- Eve of Wilton: consecration ceremony, 271n134; and Goscelin of St. Bertin, 20, 28, 80, 102–3; and Hervé of Vendôme, 210n64; and Liber confortatorius, 42, 102–3; and Paula and Eustochium, 102–3
- Ferrante, Joan, 197–98
- First Bible of Charles the Bald, 84, 85 fig. 11, 89, 108
- Florentina, 122, 125, 126; as bride of Christ, 130, 142, 154; as intercessor, 130, 141–42, 148; spiritually superior to brother Leander, 132
- Fontevraud, 16, 21; burial of Robert of Arbrissel, 168; as “double” monastery, 208n44; female authority, 49; John the Evangelist, 49–50, 51, 52; Mary Magdalene, 237n149; men’s spiritual service, 170; perceived as “experimental” or “exceptional,” 30, 35, 49; prayer of women, 167–68, 175; statutes of, 219n138, 230n58. See also Double monastery; Robert of Arbrissel
- Frankenthal, 137
- Fredegisus of Tours, 161
- Fructuosus of Braga: families in Rule of, 260n116; punishment in Rule, 204n17; warning against women, 139
- Fulk of Neuilly, 174
- Furia: Jerome’s writing for, 94, 101, 247n96, 254n34
- Füssenich, 16
- Gandersheim: textile from 194–96, 195 fig. 29; women’s prayer, 175
- Gaucher of Aureil, 21, 22–23, 25, 52; and Bos-las-Mongeas, 212n74
- Genovefa of Paris, 159, 162
- Geoffrey de Gorron, abbot of Saint Albans: friendship with Christina of Markyate, 142–49, 219n135; friendship with Christina of Markyate defended, 47, 59, 103, 133, 142–43; and the St. Albans Psalter, 145–49; slandered, 20, 59; spiritual reliance on Christina of Markyate, 143, 149, 168–69, 174. See also Christina of Markyate; Saint Albans; St. Albans Psalter
- Geoffrey II of Semur: foundation of Marcigny, 16, 133; and religious life, 138
- Geoffrey III of Semur: as prior of Marcigny, 138
- Geoffrey of Vendôme, 20, 70
- Gerald of Wales: and Eliah, 204n16; on Enoc, 20; Gemma ecclesiastica, 20; incest fears, 139; on nun infatuated with Gilbert of Sempringham, 204n21; on Sempringham, 21
- Gerhoch of Reichersberg, 90, 97
- Gerson, Jean, 138
- Gertrude of Nivelles, 159
- Gertrude, nun of Rupertsberg, 30
- Gervase, abbot of Arrouaise, 133
- Gifts: exchanged between women and men in the religious life, 28–30, 139–40, 169, 183, 207n37; women’s liturgical gifts, 191–94
- Gilbert of Sempringham: Book of St Gilbert, 24, 25, 48, 225n188, 271n129; care for women, 21, 213n82, 224n181; Gilbertine order, 19, 23, 204n21, 218n128; and John the Evangelist, 48; paranymphus, 51. See also Watton, Nun of
- Gisela, abbess of Chelles: and Alcuin, 87–88, 162; and Jerome, 89, 109, 110; and prayer, 161
- Glazier Evangelistary, 61, 63 fig. 6
- Godric of Finchale, 19; and sister Burchwine, 113
- Godwyn: hermit of Kilburn, 21
- Gommersheim, 52
- Goscelin of St. Bertin: additions to the Miracula sancti Eadmundi, 214n86; alb of Edith of Wilton, 75, 183–84, 193; and Eve of Wilton, 20, 28, 80, 102–3, 104, 271n134; and Jerome, 102–3, 104; Liber confortatorius, 42, 80; and Life of Edith of Wilton, 46–47, 51, 102; Life of Seaxburh, 166–67; on Mary Magdalene, 67, 75; and Reginald of Canterbury’s Life of Malchus, 80; Vita Wulsini, 51; women and prayer for the dead, 176
- Göß: vestments from, 184–87, 185 fig. 24, 186 fig. 25, 187 fig. 26, 192
- Gramzow, 52
- Grandmont: foundation of, 212n74; Rule of, 13
- Gregory I (Gregory the Great), Pope: clerical chastity, 116; on Equitius, 204n16; and Leander of Seville, 125–26; life of Benedict, 123–27, 130; on Mary Magdalene, 70; on women at the cross, 60
- Gregory of Nyssa, 120, 130
- Gregory VII, Pope, 47, 71, 203n13
- Grundmann, Herbert, 17
- Guibert of Gembloux: and biblical models, 38, 39, 43–44, 48, 52, 59–60, 73; priest at Rupertsberg, 28–30, 36–37, 47–48, 182
- Guibert of Nogent: on apostolic marriage, 234n104; on conversions to religious life, 201n1 (chap. 1); on heresy, 210n63; and women at Saint-Germer-de-Fly, 22, 113
- Guigues de Châtel, 96
- Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 19
- Guta. See Guta-Sintram Codex
- Guta-Sintram Codex, 28, 29 fig. 2, 106; and Abelard’s Sermon 30, 107 fig. 17, 169–70, 173
- Guthlac, saint, 138
- Haarländer, Stephanie, 21
- Hadwig von Wied, abbess of Gerresheim and Essen, 53, 54 fig. 3, 56, 113, 114, 128
- Haimo of Auxerre, 59
- Hannah, 100, 164–66, 165 fig. 22
- Harrold, 133
- Hedibia, 82
- Heloise: and Abelard, 34–36, 44, 101, 136, 179–80; on the Benedictine rule and women, 206n31; biblical women as models, 71; and bride of Christ motif, 136, 162, 163, 179–80; claiming pastoral care, 180–81, 196; and Epithalamica, 237n155; family of, 35; John the Evangelist, 48; learning of, 273n4; and male authority at the Paraclete, 224n178; Marcella as model, 109–10; and the Paraclete, 104–5, 175; and prayer, 149–52, 155–56, 163. See also Abelard; Paraclete
- Henry IV, 47
- Herluca of Epfach, 22; and Sigeboto, 214n94; and Theoger of Saint-Georgen, 212n78. See also Bernried; Diemut of Wessobrunn; Paul of Bernried
- Herman of Tournai, 25, 28, 134, 201n1 (chap. 1). See also Saint Martin (Tournai)
- Herrad of Hohenbourg, 48, 203n8. See also Hortus deliciarum
- Hersende (of Fontevraud), 35
- Hervé de Bourg-Dieu, 59
- Hilarion, 43, 82
- Hildebert of Lavardin: Adela of Blois as domina, 104; correspondence with women, 241n16; Life of Mary of Egypt, 80–81; and Matilda of England, 72, 192; and Reginald of Canterbury’s Life of Malchus, 80
- Hildegard of Bingen: and Arnold von Wied, 55; and bride of Christ, 180–82; and brother, Hugo, 130, 135; claiming pastoral care, 130, 180–81; depicted on Rupertsberg antependium, 188 fig. 27, 189; and Disibodenberg, 22, 31–32, 130; and Guibert of Gembloux, 28–30, 36; spiritual privileges of virgins, 182–83; and Tenxwind of Andernach, 181–82; and visions, 142, 149
- Hildelith, abbess of Barking, 83
- Hiltrude, saint, 83, 127
- Hippolytus of Rome, 67, 70, 72
- Hirsau: and women, 22, 213n83; Zwiefalten, 52, 96. See also William of Hirsau
- Hizecha von Wied, abbess of Vilich, 56
- Hohenbourg, 180, 181, 203n8, 233n91, 277n42. See also Herrad of Hohenbourg
- Hortus deliciarum: critical of priests, 196–97, 217n119; definition of paranymphus, 231n66; group portrait of women, 277n42; John the Evangelist in, 48–49, 52
- Household monasticism, 120
- Hrabanus Maurus, 156
- Hugh of Cluny: conversion of mother and sisters, 138; families at Cluny/Marcigny, 137; founder of Marcigny, 16, 23, 133; and Mary Magdalene, 68
- Hugh of Fleury, 42–43, 72, 73, 77, 97. See also Adela of Blois
- Hugh of Rouen, 75–76
- Humbeline, 133, 135, 261n122. See also Bernard of Clairvaux; Jully
- Huysburg, 21
- Idonea, 66–67, 71
- Idung of Prüfening, 11, 24–25, 206n31
- Imma, nun at Notre Dame at Soissons, 89–90, 162. See also Paschasius Radbertus
- Incest, 138–40
- Ingeborg of Denmark: and chasuble, 192–93
- Institutio sanctimonialium: and Jerome, 84, 96, 108; and priests, 12
- Intercession: Abelard’s Sermon 30, 169–70; of Abigail, 152; Aldhelm, 161; and Balthild of Chelles, 159; and Christina of Markyate, 132, 142–49, 169, 174; of Esther, 156–57; Florentius, 163; of religious women as brides of Christ, 6, 141–42, 154, 156, 158, 163, 171; of wives, 155–58; of the Virgin Mary, 157–58
- Interlaken, 31
- Irimbert of Admont, 27, 30. See also Admont
- Isidore of Seville, 122
- Ivo of Chartres, 192, 204n21
- Jacobus de Voragine, 94
- Jacques de Vitry, 205n22
- Jaeger, C. Stephen, 32–33
- Jerome, 4–5: and Abelard, 101–2, 104–6; admiration for Paula, 92, 97; and Alcuin, 84–89; in Bethlehem, 84, 92; and Blesilla, 82, 88, 97, 99 fig. 16, 153; burial, 92; controversy and attacks, 5, 90–96; domina, 103–8; and Eustochium, 38, 127; and Gisela and Rotrude, 88–89; and Heloise, 109–10, 196; images of, 84, 85 fig. 11, 86 fig. 12, 92–93, 93 fig. 13, 94, 95 fig. 14, 97, 99 fig. 16; in the Institutio sanctimonialium, 84; invoked by medieval men, 78, 97–103; invoked by medieval women, 109–10; on John the Evangelist, 45, 46; and kinship, 118–20, 139; letter to Eustochium (Epist. 22), 82, 89, 90, 91, 103–4, 154, 199–200; life of Hilarion, 43; life of Malchus, 78–81, 92, 102, 116–17, 137; and Marcella, 72, 91, 109–10; and Paschasius Radbertus, 84, 89–90; and Paula and Eustochium, 36, 37, 77, 82, 84, 87–88, 89–90, 92–93, 97, 100, 101; in Santa Maria Maggiore, 92–93, 93 fig. 13; on the sister women of the apostles, 58, 59; warning against women, 17; and women followers of Jesus, 72; and women’s prayerfulness, 152–55; on women at the tomb, 67; writing for women, 81–83
- John Cassian, 121–22
- John Chrysostom, 58, 59
- John the Evangelist: care for Mary as a model for men’s pastoral care of women, 36, 37, 45–55, 57, 72, 76, 102, 140; commendation of the Virgin Mary to John at the crucifixion (John 19:25–27), 40, 45, 47, 48, 55 fig. 4, 77, 143; and Jerome, 78; as the most beloved of the disciples, 228n29; virginity of, 45
- John, abbot of Cantimpré: buried at Prémy, 22; care for his mother, 22, 48; conversion of Iueta, 214n89; relocates women/founds Prémy, 37. See also Cantimpré; Prémy
- Jordan, Erin, 174
- Judith of Bavaria, 156
- Judith, wife of Æthelwulf, 156
- Jully, 133–34
- Jutta of Sponheim: at Disibodenberg, 22, 215n95, 219n137; and John the Evangelist, 231n75. See also Disibodenberg; Hildegard of Bingen
- Lähnemann, Henrike, 189–91
- Lamspringe, 96
- Las Huelgas, 25, 175
- Lateran Councils: I, 128; II, 31
- Lazarus: as biblical brother, 256n56; prayers of women, 132, 151; raised from the dead, 41
- Lea: Jerome’s writing to, 82; and prayer, 153, 154
- Leander of Seville: friend of Gregory the Great, 125–26; and sister Florentina, 111, 112, 122, 130, 132, 141–42, 148, 154, 162
- Leoba: and Boniface, 46, and prayerfulness, 269n97
- Liber pontificalis, 118
- Lifshitz, Felice, 157
- Lippoldsberg: and Betto of Hildesheim, 21; Gunther, provost, 202n5; and “Jerome’s instructions for nuns,” 84; and Reinhardsbrunn, 212n77; resignation of priest Marcwin, 278n59
- Liudo: manuscript gift to Essen, 88
- Ludwig III, count of Arnstein: founder of Arnstein, 137–38
- Macrina, 120, 122, 130
- Madame Eglentyne, 1
- Malcha: as a nun (monacha), 80; in Reginald of Canterbury’s Life of Malchus, 79–80
- Malchus: and Abelard, 102; Jerome’s Life of Malchus, 79, 81, 92, 116–17, 137; Reginald of Canterbury’s Life of Malchus, 78–81, 96, 104, 105–6, 137
- Malling, 19, 210n59
- Maniacutia, Nicolò, 96
- Marbach: Abelard’s influence at, 35, 105–6, 169–70, 174; and women’s prayers, 173, 175. See also Guta-Sintram Codex; Schwarzenthann
- Marbode of Rennes, 9, 17, 37–38
- Marcella: as Heloise’s model, 109–10, 196; Jerome’s letters to, 82, 89, 91, 101, 155; Jerome’s praise for, 72, 82, 97, 100; as scholarly, 82
- Marcellina, 118
- Marcigny: Adela of Blois, nun at, 241n16; altar at, 231n71; and Cluniac mission, 23; and families, 133, 136, 137, 138; foundation of, 22, 68, 133; men at, 16; priors of, 16, 138, 202n5
- Mariengaarde, 52
- Martha of Bethany: Jesus’s affection for, 41, 47, 76; prayers of, 151. See also Lazarus
- Mary Magdalene: and Anselm of Canterbury, 81; as apostola apostolorum, 40, 67–68, 69 fig. 9, 71, 72; beloved of Christ, 67–70; and bride of Song of Songs, 70–71; as composite figure, 41; defended by Christ, 72–73, 74 fig. 10; and Edith of Wilton, 75, 183–84; at Fontevraud, 50; as model for medieval women, 71–72; at the Paraclete, 70; and the Resurrection, 61, 67; in the Visitatio sepulchri, 66; among women followers of Jesus, 40, 41, 61
- Mary of Bethany: anointing of Jesus, 41, 42, 71, 72–73; and bride of the Song of Songs, 70; conflated with Mary Magdalene, 41; Jesus’s affection for, 41, 76; prayers of, 151. See also Lazarus
- Mary of Egypt, 80–81
- Mary, Virgin; appears to Aybert of Crépin, 19; dedications to, 52; depicted on textiles, 184, 185 fig. 24, 194; as domina, 209n58; in the Guta-Sintram Codex, 28, 29 fig. 2, 106; as intercessor, 157–58; as Jesus’s mother, 40, 119, 140; and John the Evangelist, 4, 36, 37, 40, 45–51, 54, 55 fig. 4, 77, 143; Magnificat, 164; spinning, 183
- Masculinity, 18–19, 205n25, 205n27
- Mass: and donations to women, 174–75, 176; nuns’ “sacramental disability” and reliance on priests, 1, 10, 129, 178–79, 182–83; and Obermünster necrology, 15 fig. 1, 176; and ordained kinsmen, 130, 132–33; and priestly ordination, 202n2; women’s role in, 183, 189, 192–94
- Matilda of Scotland, queen of England: epitaph of, 248n120; and Gundulf of Rochester, 209n56; liturgical gifts, 72, 192
- Matilda of Tuscany: and Anselm of Canterbury, 71; and Pope Gregory VII, 47
- Matilda, abbess of Wherwell, 157
- McGuire, Brian Patrick, 18
- McKitterick, Rosamond, 84
- McLaughlin, Mary Martin, 35, 197
- McNamara, Jo Ann: cura mulierum, 18; spiritual friendship, 30; syneisakticism, 30, 37; women and reform, 13
- McNamer, Sarah, 71, 182, 238n157
- Medingen, 189. See also Wichmannsburger Antependium
- Menelay l’Abbaye, 73–75
- Mews, Constant, 197
- Molesmes: women at, 133–34
- Monegund, saint, 159
- Monica, saint: and prayer, 151–52; translation of relics, 140
- Monte Cassino: “Cogitis me” known at, 90; Scholastica buried at, 123–24, 126; Scholastica, proximity to, 5, 123; Scholastica venerated at, 123
- Moore, R. I., 13
- Muri, 24, 25, 32
- Muschiol, Gisela, 158
- Nain, widow of, 151
- Necrology: of Marbach/Schwarzenthann, 173; of Muri and Hermetschwil, 32; of Obermünster, 14, 15 fig. 1, 175–76
- Nepotian: Jerome, writing to, 17, 102
- Nicholas I, Pope, 139
- Niedermünster (Regensburg), 175
- Norbert of Xanten, 21, 25, 38
- Notre Dame, Soissons: and Paschasius Radbertus, 84, 89–90, 245n73; Rotrude, nun at, 87
- Pachomius, saint: and sister Maria, 121, 124, 126; and support for women’s religious life, 129–30
- Palladius, 83, 121
- Paraclete: Abelard and, 34, 101, 102, 179; Abelard and requests for prayer and burial, 150–52, 167, 171, 173–74, 175; Abelard’s Rule at, 35–36, 50, 183; Abelard’s Sermon 30, 104–5, 169; Heloise as abbess, 34, 109, 179–80, 196; Mary Magdalene at, 70
- Paranymphus, 51, 76, 154, 158, 178
- Parc-le-Duc, 52
- Paschasius Radbertus: and Jerome, 84, 89–90, 93, 108; and women, 96–97, 98 fig. 15; and women’s prayers, 162–63. See also Corbie; Imma; Notre Dame, Soissons; Theodrada
- Paul of Bernried, 203n13, 214n94, 252n7
- Paul the Deacon, 126
- Paula: asceticism of, 92, 109, 153; burial in Church of the Nativity, 92; “Cogitis me” addressed to, 89–90; depictions of, 84, 85 fig. 11, 86 fig. 12, 92–93, 93 fig. 13, 97, 99 fig. 16; and Jerome, 5, 36, 37, 77, 82, 87, 92, 96, 102; Jerome’s writing for, 82, 88, 89, 97, 100, 139; learning of, 87; letter to Marcella, 155; medieval references to, 36, 37, 38, 77, 83, 84, 96–97, 101–3, 109, 196; praised by Palladius, 83; prayers of, 153. See also Eustochium; Jerome
- Paulina of Paulinzella, 43, 52, 60
- Pega, 138
- Perpetua, 151
- Peter Damian: Blanche of Milan as domina, 104; clerical marriage, 13, 140; and sister Rodelinda, 132; writing to Agnes of Poitou, 72
- Peter of Blois, 68, 133, 157
- Peter the Venerable, 70, 135–36; mother (Raingard) at Marcigny, 136
- Petersfrauen (Salzburg), 31
- Petershausen, 23, 25
- Prayer. See intercession
- Premonstratensians: and John and Mary, 52; and women, 16, 57
- Prémontré, 21, 25, 30, 213n82
- Prémy, 22, 48
- Principia: Jerome’s writing to, 82, 97, 100, 101, 109
- Priscilla and Aquila, 100
- Pulcheria, empress, 57
- Radegund, 48; and prayer, 159, 160 fig. 21; See also Baudonivia; Sainte-Croix (Poitiers); Venantius Fortunatus
- Recognitiones, pseudo-Clementine, 59–60
- Reginald of Canterbury, 78–81, 96, 102, 104, 137
- Regularis Concordia, 66
- Renco: prior at Marcigny, 16
- Resurrection: revealed first to women, 4, 40, 43–44, 60–67, 62 fig. 5, 63 fig. 6, 64 fig. 7, 65 fig. 8; and women’s spiritual priority, 184, 191–92, 198. See also Apostola apostolorum
- Richard of Springiersbach, 21, 133, 135; See also Springiersbach; Tenxwind of Andernach
- Richildis, 156
- Robert de Gorron, abbot of Saint Albans, 142
- Robert of Arbrissel: and Abelard, 33–36; burial of, 168; criticized by Geoffrey of Vendôme, 20; epitaph, 241n16; as “exceptional,” 35–36, 38; and Fontevraud, 21, 49–50; and Hersende, 35; involvement with women, 20, 21, 30, 51, 167–68, 213n82; letter from Marbode of Rennes, 17; at Menelay l’Abbaye, 73–75
- Robert of Molesmes, 134
- Roger, hermit (of Saint Albans), 176
- Rolduc (Klosterrath): women at, 24, 25, 213n82
- Rommersdorf/Wülfersberg, 32
- Rotrude: and Alcuin, 87–88, 162; and Jerome, 89, 109, 110; and prayer, 161
- Rumbeck, 52
- Rupert of Deutz, 90
- Rupertsberg: antependium from, 187–89, 188 fig. 27; and Arnold von Wied, 55; burial at, 174; family at, 135; feast day clothing of nuns, 181–83, 192; Guibert of Gembloux as priest at, 28–30, 36, 43–44, 47–48; pastoral care at, 130, 180–81
- Rusticula, abbess of St. Jean, Arles, 159, 163
- Saint Albans: burial of Roger, 176; criticism of Geoffrey at, 47, 148, 168–69; family at, 135; Gregory, monk at, 132–33; production of St. Albans Psalter, 143, 146–49; women at, 214n85; women’s prayer, 168–69, 174. See also Christina of Markyate; Geoffrey de Gorron
- Saint-Antoine-des-Champs, 174
- Saint Cassius (Bonn), 56, 128, 130
- Sainte-Croix (Poitiers): clerics at 14, 203n9; Easter liturgy, 66; prayer at, 159. See also Radegund; Venantius Fortunatus
- Saint Martin (Tournai): women and men at, 28, 31, 134. See also Herman of Tournai
- Sadalberga, saint, 83
- Samuel, 164–66, 165 fig. 22
- San Paolo fuori le mura: Bible of, 84, 86 fig. 12, 108
- Sancha of Léon-Castile, 16
- Sankt Georgen am Längsee, 27
- Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), 92–93, fig. 13
- Scholastica: and brother Benedict, 5, 122–28, 130; and prayer, 123, 166–67, 124 fig. 18
- Schulenburg, Jane Tibbetts, 125
- Schwarzenthann: and Abelard’s influence, 170; burial at, 173; and Guta-Sintram Codex, 106–7; necrology of, 173; nuns as intercessors, 170, 173; ties to Marbach, 105, 169. See also Guta-Sintram Codex; Marbach
- Schwarzrheindorf, 53–56, 54 fig. 3, 55 fig. 4, 57, 113, 128
- Seaxburh, 166–67
- Seitha: at Bury St. Edmunds, 22
- Shepherd of Hermas, 116
- Sheppey, 166–67
- Siburgis von Wied, 56
- Siegburg, 57, 231n81
- Sigeboto (author of the Vita Paulinae), 43, 60. See also Paulina of Paulinzella
- Sigeboto (priest at Epfach), 214n94
- Sigena, 16
- Single-sex: monastic life perceived as, 3, 14–18, 22
- Sintram. See Guta-Sintram Codex
- Sister woman (I Cor. 9:5), 36, 56–60, 78
- Sophia von Wied, abbess of Schwarzrheindorf, 56
- South English Legendary, 127
- Southern, Richard, 36
- Speculum virginum, 12, 26, 30
- Sponheim, 113
- Springiersbach, 212n80. See also Richard of Springiersbach; Tenxwind of Andernach
- St. Albans Psalter, 61, 65 fig. 8, 68, 69 fig. 9, 74 fig. 10, 132; and Christina of Markyate, 146–49; obits in, 132, 176; and women’s prayer, 141, 143–49, 144 fig. 19, 145 fig. 20
- St. Augustine’s, Canterbury: Goscelin of St. Bertin at, 80; Reginald of Canterbury at, 78
- St. Denis, 23, 172 fig. 23, 244n58
- St. Jean, Arles: prayer at 159, 163–64, 171. See also Caesarius of Arles
- St. Lawrence (Oostbroek), 113
- St. Marcel-sur-Saône, 173
- St-Martin, Tours: and Alcuin, 87; and First Bible of Charles the Bald, 84; Fredegisus, 161; Jerome known at, 87–88
- Stephen of Muret, 206n29, 212n74
- Stephen of Obazine, 28, 32, 201n1 (chap. 1), 213n82
- Stephen, proto-martyr, 57, 60
- Suger, prior Saint-Germer-de-Fly, 22, 113–14
- Syneisaktism, 37, 40, 46, 206n29; and John the Evangelist, 228n38
- Synod of Aachen, 84
- Synod of Elvira, 117
- Templars: Rule of, 13
- Tenxwind of Andernach: and brother Richard of Springiersbach, 21, 133, 135; letter to Hildegard of Bingen, 181–82. See also Andernach; Richard of Springiersbach
- Tertullian, 103, 153, 155, 182
- Textiles: women and liturgical textiles, 182–94
- Thamar: and Amnon, 138–40
- Thecla, saint, 151
- Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, 166–67
- Theodrada, abbess of Notre Dame at Soissons, 89–90, 162. See also Paschasius Radbertus
- Theoger, abbot of Saint-Georgen: at Amtenhausen, 21; and Herluca of Epfach, 212n78, 214n94; vita of 19, 242n32; and women, 19, 21, 216n109
- Thomas Becket, 66–67, 71
- Thomas of Cantimpré: on John of Prémy, 37, 48; sexual danger, 205n22; warnings against clerics, 26
- Thomas of Chobham, 156
- Thompson, Sally, 16
- Venantius Fortunatus: biographer of Radegund, 159; and Sainte-Croix (Poitiers), 14
- Venarde, Bruce, 10, 35, 38, 198, 209n55
- Vilich, 56, 243n44
- Virgin martyrs, 194. See also Ursula, saint
- Virginity: Aldhelm’s De virginitate, 83; Ambrose’s De virginibus, 118; and the bride of Christ, 154–55; of Florentina, 130, 141–42; heavenly rewards for, 24, 164; of John the Evangelist, 45; of Malchus, 79–80; and prayer, 154, 157, 162; at Rupertsberg, 181–83; as spiritual marriage, 153. See also Jerome, letter to Eustochium (Epist. 22); Speculum virginum; Wise and Foolish Virgins
- Visitatio sepulchri, 64–66
- Vita apostolica, 24, 26, 39, 40, 141
- Vital of Savigny, 133, 213n82
- Waddell, Chrysogonus, 70, 175
- Walafrid Strabo, 59
- Walther of Arrouaise, 140
- Watton, Nun of, 30
- Wessobrunn, 22, 96
- Wichmannsburger Antependium, 189–91, 190 fig. 28
- Widows: apostles’ care for, 38, 40, 56–57, 75, 179–80; as brides of Christ, 155; as followers of Jesus, 43; and prayer, 153
- William of Hirsau, 214n94
- William of Newburgh, 90
- Wise and Foolish Virgins (Matt. 25:1–13): and judgment, 170–73, 172 fig. 23; parable of, 162, 171
- Wulfthryth, abbess of Wilton, 102