INDEX
Abbott, Ephraim, 108
Adams, John, 91
Africans, 4, 5, 66, 123, 130; enslaved, 63, 133, 148, 149, 267, 276, 280; formerly enslaved, 126, 133, 271
Albany, 103; Indigenous diplomacy and, 198, 203, 204; Plan of Union and, 206
Algonquians, 198
Algonquin speakers, 44
Alline, Henry, 99
Alvarado, Luis de Moscoso, 75
American Revolution, 151, 153, 155, 156, 194, 245, 249; aftermath of, 8, 89, 93–94, 95, 99, 144, 159, 215–219, 227, 264, 283; Black Americans in the, 265, 267, 271, 279; Indigenous Americans during, 220, 225
Andros, Edmund, 47
Anglicanism, 19, 99, 101, 102, 103, 131, 294
Annapolis (Port Royal), 79
Apaches, 75, 290, 299–301, 305; Chiricahuas, 304, 306–307
Apalachicola, 246
Appalachian Mountains, 42, 64, 65, 71, 144–145, 160, 228, 235; depictions in maps, 74
Asiento, 63
Atchison, Topeka, and Sante Fe (AT&SF), 307–308
Atlantic world, 1, 2, 3, 9, 264, 266, 277, 281, 294, 296; connections to continental interior, 76, 142, 144, 217
Avalon colony, 22; palatine government and, 23–24
Bacon, Francis, 118
Bagster, Ashlin, 293, 294, 295
Bainbrigge, Philip, 167, 168, 171 (fig.), 176, 177; methods of producing reconnaissance maps developed by, 170–173, 178, 180, 181
Balangingi, 302
Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert, Cecil; Calvert, George
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 308–309
Barbados, 117, 123, 127, 130, 131, 272; development of plantations on, 119–122, 124–125; depictions in maps, 115, 116 (fig.), 117, 122, 125, 129, 133, 134
Barrington, Francis, 127
Basilan, 302
Bathurst, Lord, 97
Battle of Salamanca, 170–172, 174
Baynton, John, 144
Baynton, Wharton & Morgan, 144, 145, 150, 153. See also Baynton, John; Wharton, Thomas; Morgan, George
beaver, 31, 71, 78, 157; Beaver Wars and, 71
Benton, Clark, 103
Beresford, Richard, 76
Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, 75
Birchtown (Nova Scotia), 267, 273
Blake, J. J., 302–303
Blathwayt Atlas, 40 (fig.), 42, 132 (fig.)
Blathwayt, William, 38, 42, 44, 48. See also Blathwayt Atlas
Board of Trade. See Lords of Trade
Bolivia, 298
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 173
Bonillas, María Concepción, 299
borderlands, 3, 93, 143, 194–195, 292; historiography of, 160, 218
borders, 1, 3, 4–5, 6–7, 8, 19–21, 245–246; crossing, 20, 97–99, 100, 103, 242, 256, 264, 292, 294–295, 300, 303–304, 306, 308, 310; formation of, 7, 94, 108–109; maps and, 38–41, 45–49, 50–54, 61–62, 63–66, 68, 71–73, 74–76, 78–79, 80–82; water, 4, 264–266, 272, 274, 276–278, 280–283; as weak, 195–199
Borneo, 292, 296, 297–298, 301–302
Boston, 46, 48, 50, 81, 98, 99, 106, 126, 153, 254, 283, 293, 298, 307–308; as escape destination, 269, 271–274
Bowen, Emanuel, 53
Bowles, William Augustus, 251, 255
Brooke, James, 296, 297–298, 300, 303
Bulkeley, Peter, 46–47
Burgoyne, John Fox, 178
Burnet, William, 77
Burns, George, 267, 269, 270, 271
Burr, Aaron, 158
Bushnan, John, 295
Byrd II, William, 78
Caddos, 75
Cahokia, 148
California, 289, 290, 291, 298–299, 300, 306, 308, 309
Calvert, Cecil, 25–26, 28–29; dispute with William Claiborne, 30–31
Calvert, George, 25; Avalon colony and, 22–24; participates in the Virginia Company, 17–18
Campillo y Cossío, José del, 221–222
Campobello Island, 95, 96, 108
Camden, William, 122
Canada, 64, 93, 215, 265, 281; British invasion of, 68, 69; depictions in maps, 77; as French colony, 71; missionary activities in, 100, 103, 106
Canahogue, 197
capitalism, 115, 116, 117, 118
Caribbean, 4, 52, 63, 127, 214, 215, 227, 253, 272–273, 283; depictions in maps, 115–116, 121–124, 129, 133; plantations and, 117, 119–120, 121–124, 133–135, 226, 266; slavery and, 268, 271, 272, 275, 277, 280
Carlisle, Earl of, 119–120
Carolina colonies, 53, 66, 283; depictions in maps, 51, 52, 65, 71, 72, 75, 78–79; Native Americans and, 72
Casa Calvo, Marquis de, 234
Cass, Thomas, 295
Catholicism, 7, 22–23, 24, 103, 121; anti-Catholicism and, 24–25, 27, 30, 127; Native Americans and, 89, 98, 99
cattle, 124, 148, 153, 156, 250; ranching, 31, 126, 226, 309
Cavendish, Lord. See Devonshire, William
Cayugas, 202. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
Chadwick, Benjamin, 92 (fig.), 107
Charles II of England, 38, 46, 50, 79; consolidates authority in New England, 39, 42, 43, 45; Jamacia and, 138, 130
Charles III of Spain, 221, 222
Charles IX of Spain, 75
Charleston, 71–72, 74, 78, 79, 81, 247, 248, 252, 254
Charleton, Joe, 276
Cherokees, 72–73, 75, 78, 79, 197, 216, 228, 233–234, 236, 246, 247, 252
Chesapeake Bay, 28
Chicago, 198, 290, 291, 307–309
Chickasaws, 64, 72, 216, 228, 231, 233–234, 236, 246, 252
Chico, Don, 290, 292, 299, 304, 309
China, 292, 295, 297, 298, 302, 308
China Seas, 289, 292, 296, 298, 300, 301, 303–305
Choctaws, 64, 72, 75, 216. 226, 228, 231, 233–234, 236, 246
Claiborne, William, 29–30, 31; dispute with Maryland, 32–33
Clark, George Rogers, 155
Clark Jr., Daniel, 157–158
Clark, John, 270–271
Clark, William, 229
Clarkson, John, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
Clarksburg, 154
Clerc, Pierre-Antoine, 173
Clinton, George, 203
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 73, 81
colonialism, 134, 215, 221; relationship to international relations, 191–192, 193–195, 207; (see also: settler colonialism)
comercio libre, 8, 244, 248, 254, 255–257; historiography of, 244–243, 245; influence of Creek women on, 8, 249–250, 252, 256
Company of the West, 76
Congregational churches, 98, 102; missionaries, 89, 99–100, 104–106, 108
Connecticut, 53; border disputes, 45, 47; depictions in maps, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 47, 48
contour lines, 7–8, 164, 167–168, 170 (fig.), 175 (fig.), 179 (fig.), 180–181; criticism of, 176; French development of, 173–174; perceived objectivity of, 165–166, 174–175; use for reconnaissance surveys, 175–179
Cook, James, 295
Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson, 307
cotton, 127, 132, 146, 156, 217, 249, 253, 294, 297
Courteen, William, 119
Covenant Chain, 192, 193, 195; as an international system, 200–204, 206, 207–208; Great Law of Peace and, 199, 200. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
Coxe & Clark, 157. See also Clark Jr., Daniel; Coxe, Daniel W.
Coxe, Daniel W., 157–158
Crabb, Henry, 300–301
Creeks (Muscogees), 8, 72, 79, 225, 236, 243; attempts to establish a Creek Nation, 229–230, 235; balance between Spain and the United States, 216, 219–220, 255; comercio libre and, 8, 242, 244, 248–249, 250, 252–255, 256–257; divisions among, 231; political organization of, 216, 228–229, 230, 235; relations with British Empire, 220; relations with Spanish Empire, 224, 226–228, 232–233, 247–248, 252–255, 256–257; relations with United States, 288, 233; riverine borders of, 246; women’s role in trade and diplomacy, 8, 244, 245, 249–250, 252, 256
Cromwell, Oliver, 117, 125–126, 128, 129
Cuba, 148, 156, 215, 224, 226, 228, 232, 243, 247, 248
Cucurpe, 290, 291, 292, 299, 300–301, 304–306
Cuming, Alexander, 73
Daniels, Richard, 51
de Bry, Theodor, 43–44
deerskin trade, 43, 78, 157; Creeks and, 243, 244–245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253, 256; role of women in, 8, 248, 249, 253; Spanish Empire and, 245, 247–248, 250–251, 253, 256; United States and, 255
Delaware River and Valley, 25, 28, 30, 31
Delisle, Guillaume, 6, 60–62; maps produced by, 62, 63 (fig.), 64–66, 73, 74 (fig.), 75–76, 80–81
Devonshire, William, 17
Dickey Sam, 298
Dixon, Jeremiah, 33
Douglass, Walter, 71
Dufour, Guillaume Henri, 173
Dutch empire, 30–31, 32, 42–43, 47, 133, 297, 302. See also New Netherland
Durant, Sophia, 252
English/British empire, 298; depictions in maps, 51; reform of, 38, 41–42, 49, 125–126, 133; Restoration empire, 39, 45, 117, 129–130; rivalry with French empire, 6, 60, 63–64, 71–80, 143
The English Pilot; John Seller and, 51; John Thorton and William Fisher and, 52
Enslaved People without full names recorded: Ben, 268–269, 273; Guy, 269–270; Joe, 269; Mingo, 268–269, 271, 273, 274; Peg, 268; Peter, 268–269
Escuchape (Escotchaby), 247, 249
Estabrooks, Elijah, 99
Faithorne, William, 43
Fanni Mingo, 73
Ferguson, David, 156
Florida, 219, 225, 226, 228, 234, 275; British control of, 156, 215, 222, 224; Creeks and, 242–244, 245–252, 254–255, 257; depictions in maps, 63–66, 72, 74, 79
Folch, Vincente, 256
Forbes, John, 257
Forbes Purchase, 257
Forde, Standish, 153, 159; merchant activity in the trans-Appalachian west, 154–158
Fort Pitt, 145, 149, 150, 154 (fig.)
Fort Susquehannock, 68, 74, 78
Franklin, Benjamin, 206
French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War
French empire, 65, 157, 165, 225, 245; alliances with Native Americans, 61, 220, 221, 229; removal from North America, 204–205, 213, 222, 224; rivalry with British empire, 6, 60, 63–64, 71–80, 143
Frisbie, Levi, 100
frontiers, 2, 4, 191; frontier exchange economies, 157; Hobbes and, 21; international history and, 194; the Mississippi River and, 143, 157, 159–160
fur trade, 143, 144, 146, 155, 198; in the Chesapeake region, 29–32; in the Illinois Country, 148–150; in the Mississippi Valley, 146, 156. See also deerskin trade.
Gadsden Purchase, 300
Gage, Thomas, 205
Galphin, George, 249
Gálvez, José de, 225, 227, 231, 232
Gardoqui, Diego de, 151
George I, 60
George III of England, 106, 205
Georgia, 195, 219, 229, 230–231, 244, 246, 249, 250, 253, 257
Geronimo, 307
Gibbs, Guillermo, 298
Gibraltar, 215
Gookin, Daniel, 126
Gordon, George, 169
Grand Manan, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 108
Great Lakes region, 4, 31, 64, 93, 143, 194; depictions in maps, 71, 75; Iroquois and, 198, 199, 202–203
Great Tallassee, 229
Gulf Coast, 3, 8, 72, 74, 75, 156, 159, 228, 244, 251
Gulf of Mexico, 103, 143, 144, 146, 153, 156, 215, 222, 225, 226, 257; depictions in maps, 64, 147
Hagerstown, 154
Halifax, 97, 104, 279, 281, 282
Hall, John Denton, 9, 289–293, 310; education and upbringing of, 293–296; manuscript of, 290–291, 307 –309; marriage into Mexican family, 299–300; mining ventures in California and Mexico, 298–299, 301; mobility and violence in the southwestern borderland and, 301, 304–306; as a sailor in the Pacific, 296–298; voyage to Latin America, 298
Harness, Henry Drury, 167, 175 (fig.), 176, 180; promotion of contour lines, 173–175
Haszard, Thomas, 271
Haudenosaunees, 8, 199, 200, 202; Clan Matrons and, 200, 201; depictions in maps, 65, 68–71, 72, 75, 78, 79, 197–198; relations with Britain, 195, 198, 204–207
Havana, 148, 222, 224, 226, 243, 247, 256
Hawkins, Benjamin, 257
Hecht, Frederick William, 274–275, 276–278
Hector, 266, 282–283; forced Atlantic migrations as an enslaved person, 275–276, 277; runs away from enslaver, 274–275, 276–277, 278
Hedley, Henry, 279
Henckel, George, 307, 308 (fig.)
Herrman, Augustine, 43
Hispaniola, 125
Hitchiti speakers, 224
Hobbes, Thomas, 29; connection to Maryland, 17–18; Leviathan and, 18–19, 21, 22; sovereignty and, 19, 20–21, 33; territory and, 20–21
Holdipp, Richard, 128
Hong Kong, 297
Hubbard, William, 49, 50 (fig.), 51, 52
Hutchins, Thomas, 142, 150–151; maps produced by, 149 (fig.), 154 (fig.)
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, 62, 65
Illinois (nation), 198
Illinois River region, 65, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149 (fig.), 150–151, 154, 157, 222
India, 298; East India Company and, 295, 296; East Indian trade and, 295–297
Indians. See Indigenous Americans, Native Americans.
Indigenous Americans, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 39, 41, 82, 192, 206, 245; the American Revolution and, 225; depictions in maps, 42, 64–65, 70–72, 75, 77–78, 196; dispossession of, 127; inter-imperial conflict and, 70–72, 78, 221, 231; international relations and, 192–195, 207–208, 217; mobility and, 202, 246, 305; Spanish relations with, 221, 223, 226–228, 233–235, 253; as subjects, 197, 222; territoriality and, 8, 197–198; trade and, 65, 232, 235, 250, 253–254, 257, 303; United States relations with, 228, 230, 235, 236; War of the Spanish Succession and, 63; women, 8, 244, 245, 253. See also Native Americans, individual nations and tribes
indigo, 132, 146, 155, 156, 157
Iranun people, 296, 302–303, 304–305, 306
Ireland, 115, 146, 174, 176, 303; plantations and, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124; settlers from, 24, 99, 249
Iroquois, 8, 31, 198; Covenant Chain and, 199–207; included in maps, 65, 68, 75, 78. See also Haudenosaunees, member tribes
Jackson, Lydia, 266, 283; escapes from slavery, 279–280, 281, 282; indentures herself, 278–279; re-enslavement of, 278, 279, 282
Jamaica, 117, 149; depictions in maps, 129–130, 131, 132 (fig); establishment of plantations in, 125–129, 130–131, 134
James I of England, 17, 23, 24, 45
Jamestown, 81
Janin Jr., Louis, 291, 301, 309
Japan, 297
Jarry, François, 170
Jeaffreson, Christopher, 133
Jeffersonian Republicans, 235
Jefferson, Thomas, 142, 158, 248; administration of, 91, 94
John Hall & Sons, 293
Johnson, William, 199, 200, 201, 204–205
Johnstone, George, 220
Kanickhungo, 201
Kenhagee (William Perryman), 251
Kentucky, 151, 153–154, 155, 156, 157, 198
Keppel, Henry, 292, 296, 306, 310
Kiawah, 72
King, Thomas, 202
kinship, 20, 192, 198, 244, 245; fictive, 201; networks, 150, 242
Lakes: Champlain, 71, 73, 98, 103, 198; Huron, 64, 75; Ontario, 42, 68, 74, 75; Superior, 64. See also Great Lakes.
Lancaster, 31, 154; 1744 treaty council, 203, 206
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 62, 65, 73, 74–75, 81
Law, John, 76
Lawrence, Richard, 121
Lea, Philip, 52
Leicester, 294
Lendy, Auguste Frédéric, 179–180
León, Alonso de, 75
Leslie, Frank, 250, 252, 256. See also Panton, Leslie, and Company
Le Sueur, Pierre-Charles, 62
Ligon, Richard, 120, 124; maps produced by, 115, 116 (fig.), 117, 122, 126, 129
Liljevalch, Anna María, 309
Lima, 298
Little Tallassee, 227, 245, 246
Lock, Ebenezer, 96
London, 96, 123, 127, 253, 272, 294, 296, 297, 298; imaginings of empire in, 41, 42–43, 44, 49–51, 52, 53
Lords of Trade, 33, 50, 73, 204, 205, 298; maps and, 38–39, 42, 69–70; reform in New England and, 6, 38–39, 44, 45–49, 51, 54
Louisiana, 234, 236, 242–244, 251; as territory of Spain, 151, 156, 215, 222, 227, 231, 245, 246; comercio libre in, 248, 255; depictions in maps, 71–72, 73–76, 77–79, 81, 197; U.S. purchase of, 144, 158–159
Louisville, 155
Louis XIV of France, 73
Louis XV of France, 60
Loyalists, 156, 218, 232, 250; enslavers, 265, 267, 278, 279; free and enslaved, 264–265, 267–268, 271–272, 274, 278–282
Lynch, Thomas, 129
Maclean, Alexander, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108
Madison, James, 95–96
Maine, 195; boundaries of, 91–92, 93, 94, 95–97, 99; depictions in maps, 51, 66, 78, 93; land disputes in, 45, 46, 47; missionary activity in, 89, 91, 93–94, 97–102, 104–106, 107–108, 109, 264; Native Americans and, 89
Malay, 304, 305; language, 292, 303; people, 296, 303; trade, 302
Man, John, 131, 132 (fig.), 133
Manhattan, 30–31
Manning, James and Edward, 100
maps, 1, 4–5, 6, 80, 92, 124, 151, 245, 246, 251, 290–291, 297, 306–308; contour lines, 7–8, 164, 166–168, 171, 173–174, 177–179, 180; of the Caribbean, 115–117, 121–122, 129, 131–134; data maps, 7, 91, 93, 94, 97, 108, 109; depicting Native nations and people, 43–44, 196–197; English/British territorial claims and, 60–62, 66, 70–72, 77–80, 81–82, 196–197; French territorial claims and, 60–62, 63–66, 73–76, 81–82; imaginings of empire and, 39, 40–41, 42, 43–44, 48–49, 53–54; internationalism in early America and, 192; of the Iroquois/Haudenosaunee, 197–198, 200, 207; military uses of, 164–168, 169–172, 179–181; Native Americans as sources for, 65; Native deterritorialization in, 61, 64, 68–70, 75; of New England, 6, 38–41; 41–43, 46, 47–49, 50–53, 93, 97; Native territoriality and, 8, 197–199; plantations and, 117, 121–123, 126, 129, 131–134
Maritime colonies, 9, 96; Atlantic connections and, 264, 275–277, 282–283; slavery and, 265–266, 267–268, 271–272, 274, 275–278, 279–283; See also New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
Maryland colony, 6, 19, 22, 33–34; Avalon as model for, 23; depictions in maps, 43, 51–52, 53, 68, 71, 78, 154 (fig.); dispute with William Claiborne, 29, 32–33; palatinate government and, 23, 26–27; territorial limits of, 28–29; Thomas Hobbes and, 17–18
Marryat, Frederick, 298–299
Mason, Charles 33
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 49, 95; border disputes, 45–47; depictions in maps, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 48, 50 (fig.), 51, 52, 53; tensions with British administrators, 6, 44, 45, 46, 52
Massachusetts (state), 99, 101, 106, 266, 269, 273; support of missionaries, 89, 90, 104, 105
Matthews, George, 231
McGillivray, Alexander, 8, 227, 231, 243–244; alliance with Spanish Empire, 229, 232; trade agreements between Euro-Americans and, 252–254, 255, 256; treaty with United States, 233, 255; efforts to create a Creek Nation, 229–230, 233, 235
McGillivray, Lachlan, 252
Metawney, 249
Mexico, 226, 289, 292, 294, 300, 305, 307, 308; depictions in maps, 62, 65–66, 75. See also New Spain
Middleton, Thomas, 120
mines, 65, 76, 222, 248, 290–291, 299, 301, 305, 308
missionaries, 7, 65, 264; in Maine, 89–91, 93–94, 97–98, 100–108, 109; missionary societies, 89, 94, 97, 98, 100–106
Mississippi River, 3, 7 145–152, 154–159, 195, 219, 222–225, 226, 228, 231, 234–236, 244, 245, 248, 256; as a borderland, 142–144; depictions in maps, 62, 64–65, 72, 73–79, 81
Mitchell, John, 8, 65, 69, 70, 192, 196 (fig.), 197–198, 200, 206, 207
Mitchell, John (missionary), 103
Mobile Act, 257
Mobile Bay, 3, 65, 72, 79, 251
Mobile, 225, 226, 228, 234, 245, 247, 248, 252, 254, 256
Modyford, Thomas, 117, 121, 126, 129, 130, 131
Mohegans, 42
Moll, Herman, 6, 60–62; maps produced by, 66, 67 (fig.), 68–73, 76, 77 (fig.), 78–80, 81
Monroe, James, 96
Moorsom, Constantine Richard, 295
Moose Island, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107
Morales, Juan Ventura, 252
Morden, Robert and William Berry, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 41–44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54
Morgan, George, 144, 151, 154, 158–159; work in the Illinois, 145, 148–150; journey to Gulf of Mexico, 146–147, 148; relations with Spain, 151–152.
Morgantown, 154
The Mortar, 220
Muccolossus, 246
Mureau, Louis Milet de, 173
Murphy, James, 99
Muscogees. See Creeks
Myers, William, 290–291, 306–309
Natchez (settlement), 142, 146, 147 (fig.), 155–158
Native Americans, 29, 41, 70, 145, 146, 148, 160, 218, 225; Catholic converts, 98–99; classified as subjects, 193, 221–222, 247; depictions of, 43–44; deterritorialization and, 60–61, 64, 75, 79–80, 82; dispossession and, 152, 159, 217; English/British alliances with, 72, 78–79, 143; French alliances with, 65–66, 143, 150; paternalism towards, 222; persuasion and negotiation in diplomacy, 228–229; Spanish alliances with, 218–219, 221, 222–223, 227, 234–235, 250; as sources of cartographic information, 54, 65; trade and, 231–232, 235, 245, 254–255; United States alliances with, 219, 228, 235; warfare with Euro-Americans, 74, 155. See also Indigenous Americans, individual nations and tribes
New Brunswick, 66, 91, 92–97, 99–102, 104, 105, 107–108; connections to the Caribbean, 277–278; slavery and servitude in, 264–265, 274–278, 283
New England, 27, 100, 106, 126, 144, 207, 266; depictions in maps, 6, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 41–44, 46, 48, 49–52, 66, 197; Dominion of, 44–45, 51, 52; imperial reimagining of, 44–45, 48, 49, 52; missionary societies, 102–104; settlers emigrating north of, 89, 93, 97–98, 99
New France, depictions in maps, 49, 64, 65, 71, 74, 77 (fig.), 197. See also French empire
New Hampshire, 98, 99; depictions in maps, 39, 42, 48, 51; land disputes in, 45–47
New Jersey, 309–310; depictions in maps, 43, 51–52, 53
New Madrid, 152, 155. See also Morgan, George
New Mexico, 300, 307; depictions in maps, 64, 79
New Netherland, 25, 32, 43, 47, 49. See also Dutch empire
New Orleans, 75, 142, 143, 144, 146–151, 153–154, 156–159, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 232, 243, 248
New Purchase (1773), 247, 248, 257
New York, 69, 106, 158, 266; Black Americans and, 267, 274–275, 281, 283; border disputes, 45, 47–48, 77; depictions in maps, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 47, 51, 52, 53, 66, 71, 78, 81, 197; missionary activity in, 98, 103, 104; Native Americans and, 192, 203, 204, 233, 255
Nicaragua, 300–301
Nicolls, Richard, 47
Norden, John, 122
Nova Scotia, 66, 79, 91–92, 95, 97, 99; connections with the Caribbean, 268, 277; slavery and servitude in, 264–265, 267, 278–282, 283
Odawas, 198
Ohio Country, 98, 143, 149–155, 202, 205
Ohio River, 7, 64, 65, 75, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 200–202, 204, 205, 248; as a borderland, 142–144
Okaiegigie (Thomas Perryman), 251
Okchai, 246
Okefenokee Swamp, 251
Okillissa Chopka, 246
Oneidas, 202. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
O’Neil, John, 273
Onondagas, 203. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
Ópatas, 290, 299, 301, 304, 305
Opium War, 297
Ordnance Survey, 165, 166, 170, 175, 176
O’Reilly, Alejandro, 146–148
Osages, 75
Page, Charlie, 309
Page, Thomas Stokes, 309–310
Palatinate government, 23–24; Maryland and, 26–27; Durham and, 23–24, 26
Palomino, Francisca, 299–300
Panton, Leslie, and Company, 243, 257; partnership with Spanish Empire, 232, 234, 250, 253, 254
Panton, William, 232, 234, 250, 252, 254–255, 256, 257. See also Panton, Leslie, and Company
parishes, 71, 102, 117, 124; role in border-making, 94, 100–102; as unit of government for plantations, 131–133, 134
Passamaquoddy Bay and Islands, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108
Passamaquoddies, 89
Patterson, Walter, 268, 269, 272, 273
Peninsular War, 167
Pennsylvania, 31, 33, 34, 153, 157, 159, 192, 202; depictions in maps, 68, 74, 78–79
Penobscot Bay, 105
Penobscots, 89
Pensacola, 224, 225, 226, 227–228, 234, 247, 248, 251, 254
Peru, 298
Petermann, Augustus Heirich, 175
Petite Nations, 3
Petty, Sylvester, 270–271
Petty, William, 124, 130. See also Down Survey
Philadelphia, 78, 81, 144, 145, 147–148, 150, 152–154, 157–159, 200, 201, 203
Pickens, Andrew, 230
Pirie, John, 295
Pittsburgh, 143, 144, 151, 153, 154–155, 158, 159
Place, Jean-Baptiste Meusnier de la, 173
plantations, 7, 18, 27, 31, 115, 157, 226, 249, 273; Atlantic connections of, 266, 274, 280, 282–283, 294; defining of, 117–118, 121, 122, 129–130, 134–135; depictions in maps, 115–116, 117, 121–123, 129–130, 131–133; enslaved labor at, 128; establishment in Jamaica, 125–129; in New England, 89, 91, 101, 107, 126; parish government and, 131; planting, improvement, and, 118, 122–123, 127; as private ventures, 124–125, 128, 130, 133, 134; as public and civic institutions, 119–122, 127, 134
Plantation Office, 36, 44, 48, 49, 51, 76–77
Pointe Coupée, 146, 147 (fig.)
Pollock, Oliver, 147–148
Pometacomet (King Philip), 42
Pontiac, 150
Port Royal (Jamaica), 130
Potomacs (nation), 32
Povey, John, 38; outlines New England borders, 6, 39, 40 (fig.), 41, 44, 45, 47–49, 53
Powhatan Rebellion, 30
Prince Edward Island, 264–265, 283; connections with the Caribbean, 272–274; slavery and servitude in, 266, 267–272, 274
Providence Island, 119
Quakers, 99
Quebec, 68, 81, 97; Quebec City, 103
Quechan (Yuma), 292
railroads, 159, 174, 176, 290, 291, 294, 295–296, 306–308
Randolph, Edward, 46
Raritans, 42
Reed & Forde, 144, 153–158. See also Forde, Standish; Reed, John
Reed, John, 153, 159; merchant activity in the trans-Appalachian west, 154–158
Reed, William, 50, and map of New England, 50, 51
right of discovery, 64, 66, 73, 75, 79, 81
Rivers; Alabama, 226–246; Altahama, 246; Apalachicola, 226, 246–247, 250–251, 257; Charles, 45; Chattahoochee, 226, 246, 247, 250, 251; Connecticut, 47, 51, 100; Coosa, 226, 245, 246, 252; Cumberland, 198; Delaware, 25, 28, 30, 31; Escambia, 226; Flint, 226, 246, 247, 250, 251; Ganges, 292, 297; Illinois, 65, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149 (fig.), 150–151, 154, 157, 222; Kennebec, 46; Merrimack, 39, 45, 46; Mississippi, 3, 7, 62, 64–65, 72, 73–79, 81, 142–144, 145–152, 154–159, 195, 219, 222–225, 226, 228, 231, 234–236, 244, 245, 248, 256; Missouri, 142, 159, 223; Monongahela, 151, 153, 154 (fig.), 155; Ocmulgee, 226, 246, 247; Oconee, 246; Ohio, 7, 64, 65, 75, 142–144, 145, 149–155, 158, 159, 200–202, 204, 205, 248; Pecos, 63, 75; Penobscot, 97; Potomac, 17, 28, 151, 153; Red, 75, 146; St. Johns (Alachua), 247, 250, 256; St. Lawrence, 64, 66, 71, 93, 143, 198; St. Marks, 226, 246, 247, 253; Savannah, 246, 247; Susquehanna, 32, 151; Tallapoosa, 246; Tennessee, 65, 73; Tombigbee, 226, 246; Wabash, 142; Wakula, 226, 247, 253, 256, 257
Rhode Island, 99; border disputes, 45, 46, 47
Robinson, Juan, 310
Roe, John Septimus, 295
Ross, Alexander, 150
Royal Albert, 297
Rumsey, James, 149
Saghughsuniunt. See King, Thomas
St. Andrews (New Brunswick), 101–102, 104, 108
St. Augustine (San Agustín), 246, 250, 274, 275, 276
St. Christopher (St. Kitts), 119, 133
St. Denis, Louis Juchereau de, 75
St. Lusson, Simon-François Daumont, Sieur de, 64
Samal people, 296, 302, 303, 304, 306
San Francisco, 290, 291, 298, 299, 308, 309
San Marcos de Apalache, 226, 247, 253, 254, 256
Sarawak, 296, 297, 300, 301, 303, 306
Savannah, 248
Saxton, Christopher, 122
Scott, Henry Y. D., 176, 177, 178
Sehoy Marchand, 252
Seminoles, 8, 216, 217, 232, 234, 246, 247, 250–252, 255, 257
Seminole War, 218
Senecas, 150, 201. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
Settler colonialism, 29, 118, 207–208
Seven Years’ War, 53, 70, 143, 145, 203; aftermath of, 91, 156, 216, 222, 224–225, 229. See also Peace of Paris (1763)
Sewall, Jotham, 100
Shanghai, 297
Shannon, William, 155
Shaw, Daniel, 99
Shelburne (Nova Scotia), 267, 268, 276, 277
Sierra Madres, 290, 300, 304, 305, 307
Silver Heels, 150
Sinohui, Eduviges, 299
slavery and slave trade, 9, 63, 72, 107, 144, 148, 149, 156, 243, 249, 277–278, 283, 298; connections with indentured servitude, free Black people, and, 266–267, 270, 271–272; creating freedom and challenging institutions of, 271, 272–277, 280–281; enslavement of Natives, 65, 72, 78, 79; in the Maritime colonies, 264–266, 267–271, 274–275, 279; in the Pacific, 289, 302, 306; plantation-based, 117–118, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134–135, 145–146, 157; re-enslavement and, 267, 278–279, 280, 282
Smith, Elijah, 307
Smith, J. H. Bedford, 169
Smith, Tony, 276
Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others in North America, 89; missionary activities in Maine, 89–91, 98, 100, 101–102, 104–108
Sonora, 290–291, 292, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 307
Soto, Hernando de, 75
sovereignty, 6, 66, 193–194, 216, 234; as contingent, plural, and negotiated, 192–193, 195–196, 207, 292; Hobbes’s analysis of, 19–21, 22, 33; Indigenous sovereignty, 8, 201, 207–208, 219, 224, 227–229, 230, 231, 233, 235; maps as tools for claiming territorial sovereignty, 39, 43, 52, 61, 62, 80; maps as tools for denying Indigenous territorial sovereignty, 68, 70, 75, 82
space, 1–2, 3, 4, 5–6, 7–9; collapsing of, 294, 304; contested and negotiated, 61, 74, 114, 192–193, 199; defined by networks and connections over boundaries or borders, 203, 204, 206, 292–293, 302–303; European understandings of borders and, 19–21, 32; Indigenous-controlled, 196–197; maps and, 19, 32, 40–41, 60–61, 80, 115–116, 129–135, 192, 196; maritime, 217, 246, 248, 256, 267, 271, 283, 302; private versus public, 115–117, 133–134; transnational, 194
Spanish empire, 63, 75–76, 80, 152, 156, 215, 302, 304; alliances with Native Americans, 61, 79, 218–219, 221–222, 223–224, 231–232, 234–235; Bourbon reforms and, 216, 221–222, 227; comercio libre policy of, 8, 242–244, 248–250, 255–257; competition between United States and, 151–152, 157–158, 225–226, 251–252, 255; relations with Creeks, 219, 220, 226, 227–228, 233–234, 247–251, 252–254; rivalries with Britian and French empires, 143–144, 146; territorial claims in North America, 64, 75, 222, 245–246, 257
Staniford, Daniel, 100
Stephenson, Robert, 294–295, 298
Stevens, James, 268–270, 272–273
Stoughton, William, 46–47
sugar, 117, 120, 123–124, 125, 127, 132, 133, 148, 157, 272, 277, 282, 292
Sulu Sea, 296, 301–302, 303, 305–306
Susquehannocks, 30–31, 32, 42, 74, 78
Taber, George, 308
Taitt, David, 220
Telfair, William, 229
territorialization, 60, 66, 306; deterritorialization and, 60–61, 64, 68, 71, 75, 80
territory, 3, 7, 8; European methods for claiming, 43, 75–76; Hobbesian understanding of, 19–22; maps as tools for claiming, 39, 43, 52, 61, 62, 77, 80, 196; relationship between borders and, 19–20, 32, 61, 76, 80–81, 194; relationship between sovereignty and, 6, 20–21, 33–34, 41, 195
Texas, 292, 299; depictions in maps, 64, 65, 74–75, 79
Thomas, George, 203
Titus, Henry, 301
tobacco, 24, 31, 123, 127, 145, 146, 153, 156, 157
Toccogulegau, 251
Toka’en:yon, 202
treaties, 73, 94, 191–195, 197–198, 200–206, 219, 227–229, 235–236, 248, 250, 254; of Albany, 204; of Augusta, 230; of Easton, 201; of Galphinton, 230; of Hopewell, 228; of Lancaster, 203; of New York, 233, 255; of Niagara, 205; of Nogales, 234; of Paris (1763), 224, 245; of Paris, (1783), 95, 96, 225, 226, 229, 235; of Pensacola, 253, 257; Pinckney’s, 158, 234; of San Lorenzo, 251, 257; of Shoulderbone, 230; of Tordesillas, 222; of Utrecht, 66, 70, 95; of Westminster, 197
Tuckabatchee, 246
Tuscaroras, 203. See also Haudenosaunees, Iroquois
Tustunie Opoia, 246
Ulloa, Antonio de, 222–223
United States of America, 144, 156, 158, 159, 193, 253, 256, 264, 266, 289; borders and boundaries of, 93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 108, 225, 250; expansion of the, 218, 226, 227–228, 235, 300; relations with Britain, 233; relations with Native Americans, 195, 206–207, 216, 217, 219, 228, 229, 231, 251, 255, 257; relations with Spain, 231, 233, 234
Vaughan, William, 22
Victorio, 307
Vincennes, 148
Virginia, 17, 24, 26, 30–31, 153, 202, 203, 207; depictions in maps, 38–39, 40 (fig.), 42–44, 48, 51–52, 54, 154 (fig.), 197; territorial limits of, 27–28
Virginia Company, 17–18, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 119
Wales, William, 295
wampum, 30; use in treaty councils, 200–202, 206
War of the Spanish Succession, 62–63, 66, 70, 74, 79, 220
Webber, Charles Edmund, 167–168, 172, 175, 179 (fig.), 180–181; advocates for the use of contour lines, 176–177, 178–179
Weetamoo, 42
Wellington, Duke of, 170, 172, 177, 180
Warner, Thomas, 119
West Indies, 53, 145, 148, 153, 264, 267, 271–272, 274–282, 298
Whiskey Rebellion, 158
Willoughby, Lord, 134
Winthrop Jr., John, 47
Wise, Jupiter, 266, 280, 282–283; attempted escape of, 273–274; migration to Nova Scotia, 267–268; sentences to enslavement in the Caribbean, 271–272; trial against, 268–271
Wyndham, William, 303–304, 306
Wraxall, Peter, 192
Yuchis, 246